Data are similarly limited and are reviewed in a separate UKTIS monograph. Codeine, another opioid analgesic, is metabolised to morphine. Data are extremely limited in relation to low birth weight, preterm delivery, stillbirth and neurodevelopmental outcomes, but a possible association with altered fetal growth in utero and visual defects (strabismus) have been reported, the clinical significance of which is unclear. Increased rates of specific malformations have been observed in some studies analysing opioids as a class, but the data are conflicting and the studies confounded. There are no controlled studies of the effect of morphine exposure on the incidence of miscarriage and no robust evidence of an increased malformation risk. It is not currently possible to exclude a teratogenic effect. Morphine is an opioid analgesic most commonly administered orally, intravenously or rectally for the treatment of severe or intractable pain.ĭata relating specifically to morphine exposure in human pregnancy are extremely limited.
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